Article/Publication Details
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MIKEL DUFRENNE
INTRODUCTION TO «PHENOMENOLOGY OF AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE»

Abstract
In Introduction M. Dufrenne describes the specificity of his approach to the aesthetic experience and sets the objectives of the work. Following phenomenological tradition, he realizes an eidetic analysis of aesthetic experience. He considers it as an experience of a spectator, not as that of an artist. Its main object is a work of art. So Dufrenne wants to break the vicious circle of mutual definition of object and experience, but he does not manage to. He thinks that the work of art is not defined by aesthetic experience, it provokes this experience. According to Dufrenne, a work of art has a common noema with an aesthetic object, but their noeses are different. It can be perceived as an object without aesthetic qualities. At the same time the work of art, when perceived skillfully and rightly, is an aesthetic object. Aesthetic quality can be realized only by adequate aesthetic perception. Phenomenology becomes deontology. So object and experience are mutually defined. To describe pure aesthetic experience of the spectator M.Dufrenne proposes to look at prominent, universally recognized works of art. And he poses the question: what is the authentic criterion that makes them prominent? The author thinks that it cannot be a subjective judgement of taste because it leads either to underestimation of some works, to placing them beyond the sphere of “the beautiful” or to levelling of aesthetically valuable works and fakes. According to Dufrenne, the aesthetical object cannot be measured outwards. It gives a measure itself and becomes imperfect when it cannot be that to what it strives for. Aesthetic object isn't only self-legislative, it gives a norm to its creator. Anyway, M.Dufrenne says, for being a chef-d'oeuvre a work of art must have a full sensual being and sense. It is possible when the artist is himself authentic. The goal of spectator's aesthetic perception is to constituently open the object.

Key words
Aesthetic experience, aesthetic object, experience of spectator, work of art, noema, noesis, subjectivismus, judgement of taste, authentic work.

References

• Alain (Chartier, E.). (1934). Les dieux. Paris: Gallimard.
• Malraux, A. (1951). Les voix du silence. Pari: Gallimard.
• Munro, Th. (1951). Arts and their Interrelations. N. Y.: The Liberal Arts Press.
• Souriau, E. (1929). L'avenir de l'esthetique. Essai sur l'object d'une science naissante. Paris: Alcan.

Article/Publication Details
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THE PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION
M. DUFRENNE
PHENOMENOLOGY OF AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE (Introduction)

Abstract
In Introduction M. Dufrenne describes the specificity of his approach to the aesthetic experience and sets the objectives of the work. Following phenomenological tradition, he realizes an eidetic analysis of aesthetic experience. He considers it as an experience of a spectator, not as that of an artist. Its main object is a work of art. So Dufrenne wants to break the vicious circle of mutual definition of object and experience, but he does not manage to. He thinks that the work of art is not defined by aesthetic experience, it provokes this experience. According to Dufrenne, a work of art has a common noema with an aesthetic object, but their noeses are different. It can be perceived as an object without aesthetic qualities. At the same time the work of art, when perceived skillfully and rightly, is an aesthetic object. Aesthetic quality can be realized only by adequate aesthetic perception. Phenomenology becomes deontology. So object and experience are mutually defined. To describe pure aesthetic experience of the spectator M.Dufrenne proposes to look at prominent, universally recognized works of art. And he poses the question: what is the authentic criterion that makes them prominent? The author thinks that it cannot be a subjective judgement of taste because it leads either to underestimation of some works, to placing them beyond the sphere of “the beautiful” or to levelling of aesthetically valuable works and fakes. According to Dufrenne, the aesthetical object cannot be measured outwards. It gives a measure itself and becomes imperfect when it cannot be that to what it strives for. Aesthetic object isn't only self-legislative, it gives a norm to its creator. Anyway, M.Dufrenne says, for being a chef-d'oeuvre a work of art must have a full sensual being and sense. It is possible when the artist is himself authentic. The goal of spectator's aesthetic perception is to constituently open the object.

Key words
Aesthetic experience, aesthetic object, experience of spectator, work of art, noema, noesis, subjectivismus, judgement of taste, authentic work.

Article/Publication Details
Views: 8337

ERNESTO SPINELLI
THE INTERPRETED WORLD. AN INTRODUCTION TO PHENOMENOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
(Ch. 7. Phenomenological Research)

Abstract
The research is concentrated on the translation of the chapter of E. Spinelli's book «The Interpreted World». The issues discussed here interest contemporary researchers and need to be studied profoundly: what is essential in studying human being today in comparison with the classical view of humanities and existential philosophical is absolutely foreign in the view of natural science; which approaches in contemporary psychotherapy can satisfy the most important principles of humanitarian inquiry; whether they assimilate the very idea of phenomenological-existential method in its variations and its language of description etc. properly. The author starts with an observation on differences between scientific approach and phenomenological one. It is the latter which could be more appropriate for psychologists, due to its concentrating on uniqueness, singularity and changing nature of human reality. This paper studies such criteria as trustworthiness, credibility, personal experience in the works of many contemporary researchers. What is more, phenomenological method reconsiders the notions of objectivity and causality, demonstrating another orientation for researcher. Namely, one of its significant achievements consist in assurance of fundamentally inter-relational (inter-subjective), or dialogical character of psychic reality, which is the corner stone of therapeutic practice. Another important principle of phenomenologically-oriented study suggests the accomplishment of unbiased vision, which approximates us to the very nature of the phenomenon of the other's reality. Addressing several experimental studies, Spinelli phenomenological technology, its fitness and adequacy in psychotherapeutic practice.

Key words
Inter-relationality, co-constitutionality, meaning, co-researcher, bracketing, final statement, psychotherapeutic experience.

References

• Arendt, H. (1958). The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Churchill, S. D., & Wertz, F. J. (2001). An Introduction to Phenomenological Research in Psychology. In K. Schneider, J. F. T Bugenthal, J. Fraser Pierson (Eds.), The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology: Leading Edges in Theory, Research, and Practice (247–263). London: SAGE.
• Colaizzi, P. F. (1973). Reflection and Research in Psychology: a Phenomenological Study of Learning. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/ Hunt.
• Colaizzi, P. F. (1978). Psychological Research as the Phenomenologist Views It. In R. S. Valle, M. King (Eds.), Existential-Phenomenological Alternatives for Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Crotty, M. (1996). Phenomenology and Nursing Research. Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone.
• Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (1994). Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: SAGE.
• Farber, L. (2000). The Ways of the Will: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.
• Gendlin, E. T. (1997). Experiencing and the Creation of Meaning. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
• Gillett, G. (1995). The Philosophical Foundations of Qualitative Psychology. The Psychologist, 8 (3), 111–14.
• Giorgi, A. (1985). Phenomenology and Psychological Research. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
• Harré, R. (1991). What is Scientific about Psychotherapy? BPS Psychotherapy Section Newsletter, (11), 14–17.
• Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time. New York: Harper and Row.
• Hodges, H. A. (1952). The philosophy of Wilhelm Dilthey. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Karlsson, G. (1993). Psychological Qualitative Research from a Phenomenological Perspective. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
• Kaye, J. (1995). Postfoundationalism and the Language of Psychotherapy Research. In J. Siegfried (Ed.), Therapeutic and Everyday Discourse as Behaviour Change (29–61). NJ: Praeger.
• Knorr-Certina, K. D. (1981). The Manufacture of Knowledge. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
• Kvale, S. (1994). Ten Standard Objections to Qualitative Research Interviews. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 25 (2), 147–73.
• Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews. London: SAGE.
• Mahrer, A. R. (2000). Philosophy of Science and the Foundations of Psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 55 (10), 117–125.
• Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological Research Methods. London: SAGE Publications.
• Rowan, J. (1998). Letters. The Psychologist, 11 (12), 578.
• Valle, R. S., & King, M. (1978). Existential-Phenomenological Alternatives for Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Zaner, R. M. (1970). The Way of Phenomenology. New York: Pegasus.

Article/Publication Details
Views: 6108

THE PREFACE TO TE. SPINELLIHE TRANSLATION
E. SPINELLI
THE INTERPRETED WORLD. AN INTRODUCTION TO PHENOMENOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Abstract
The research is concentrated on the translation of the chapter of E. Spinelli's book «The Interpreted World». The issues discussed here interest contemporary researchers and need to be studied profoundly: what is essential in studying human being today in comparison with the classical view of humanities and existential philosophical is absolutely foreign in the view of natural science; which approaches in contemporary psychotherapy can satisfy the most important principles of humanitarian inquiry; whether they assimilate the very idea of phenomenological-existential method in its variations and its language of description etc. properly. The author starts with an observation on differences between scientific approach and phenomenological one. It is the latter which could be more appropriate for psychologists, due to its concentrating on uniqueness, singularity and changing nature of human reality. This paper studies such criteria as trustworthiness, credibility, personal experience in the works of many contemporary researchers. What is more, phenomenological method reconsiders the notions of objectivity and ausality, demonstrating another orientation for researcher. Namely, one of its significant achievements consist in assurance of fundamentally inter-relational (inter-subjective), or dialogical character of psychic reality, which is the corner stone of therapeutic practice. Another important principle of phenomenologically-oriented study suggests the accomplishment of unbiased vision, which approximates us to the very nature of the phenomenon of the other's reality. Addressing several experimental studies, Spinelli demonstrates the benefits of phenomenological technology, its fitness and adequacy in psychotherapeutic practice.

Key words
Inter-relationality, co-constitutionality, meaning, co-researcher, bracketing, final statement, psychotherapeutic experience.

References

• Gallagher, Sh., & Zahavi, D. (2008). The Phenomenological Mind. An Introduction to Philosophy of Mind and Cognitive Science. London, New York: Routledge.
• Glukhova, I. (2008). Filosofia i Psykhoterapiya: Vzglyad Praktika [Phylosophy and Pychotherapy: Practician View]. Topos, 1 (18), 5–12.
• Spinelli, E. (2005). The Interpreted World. An Introduction to Phenomenological Psychology. London: SAGE Publications.
• Spinelli, E. (2014). Practising Existential Therapy. London: SAGE Publication.
• Zahavi, D. (2010). Naturalizing Phenomenology. In D. Shmicking, Sh. Gallagher (Eds.), Handbook of Phenomenology and Cognitive Sciences (3–19). USA: Springer.

Article/Publication Details
Views: 7593

OSCAR BECKER
THE PARA-EXISTENCE. THE HUMAN DASEIN AND DAWESEN

Abstract
The paper is the first translation of one of the major articles by Oskar Becker into Russian. The article contains the basic points of his philosophy in the tabloid form. The brief scientific commentary accompanies the publication of this translation. Becker believes that one cannot to limit metaphysics only by ontology. It also has to include paraontology. He treats paraontology as the doctrine of essence and the eternal stay of the things. In accordance with the philosopher, the principle of paraontology is so called paraontological indifference (opposed to the Heidegger's ontological difference), i.e. the equality of essence and existence. Basing on this principle, Becker states that a human being exists not only as an existence but also as a paraexistence. Both unconscious (prehistoric) and superconsciuos (superhistoric) belong to the paraexistential dimension of a human being in Becker's opinion. In this context, he provides a detailed analysis of the difference between the historic and extrahistoric types of the being in terms of phenomenology. It is possible to characterize the extrahistoric dimension by the terms beginning, repetition, rhythm, order and seamlessness and so on. Becker declares his understanding of the concrete relationship between view of paraexistence and M. Heidegger's existential analytics. He believes that it is impossible to describe the paraexistential dimension of a human being as reductive privation of ontology of Dasein, as Heidegger did. Becker also attacks Heidegger's view that the nature is only extreme case of the being of the entities in the world in its Heideggerian sense. Nature is cosmos but not a result of «de-worlding» of the world. Thus, Becker retrieves the notions of birth and polis opposing them to Heidegger's notion of death. He also introduces the term paratranscendence (the «other-nothingness») which he treats as the whole universe. Becker tries to rehabilitate the paraontological significance of the eidetic dimension, where essence and existence are the same. The author of the brief scientific commentary to the translation emphasizes the basic theoretical points of Becker's article as well as discusses translation variants of Becker's terms Dasein, Dawesen and Getragenheit given by the article's translator, comparing them to the former versions of their translations into Russian.

Key words
Dasein, Dawesen, paraexistence, existence, paraontology, paraontological indifference, the unconscious, the superconscious, cosmos, essence, actual being.

References

• Becker, O. (1929). Von der Hinfälligkeit des Schönen und der Abenteuerlichkeit des Künstlers. In: Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung, Ergänzungsband, 27–52.
• Becker, O. (1930 a). Zur Logik der Modalitäten. Halle: Max Niemeyer.
• Becker, O. (1930 b). Zur Logik der Modalitäten. In: Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung, XI, 497–548.
• Becker, O. (1936). Nietzsches Beweise für seine Lehre von der ewigen Wiederkunft. Blätter für deutsche Philosophie, IX, 368–387.
• Becker, O. (1937). Transzendenz und Paratranszendenz. Travaux du IX. Congrès International de Philosophie (Congrès Descartes), 97–104. Paris.
• Becker, O. (1941). Hans Heyse. Idee und Existenz. Blätter für deutsche Philosophie, XV (1–2), 210–216.
• Bertalanffy, L. v. (1942). Theoretische Biologie. Vol. II. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger.
• Bollnow, O. F. (1941). Das Wesen der Stimmungen. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann.
• Dilthey, W. (1923). Briefwechsel Zwischen Wilhelm Dilthey und dem Grafen Paul York von Wartenburg, 1877–1897. Halle/S.
• Hartmann, N. (1935). Zur Grundlegung der Ontologie. Berlin: De Gruyter.
• Heidegger, M. (1927). Sein und Zeit. Halle: Max Niemeyer.
• Heidegger, M. (1929 a). Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik. Bonn: Cohen.
• Heidegger, M. (1929 b). Vom Wesen des Grundes. In: Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung, Ergänzungsband, 71–100.
• Heidegger, M. (1929 c). Was ist Metaphysik? Bonn: Cohen.
• Heidegger, M. (1937). Hölderlin und das Wesen der Dichtung. München: Langen.
• Heidegger, M. (1941). Hölderlins Hymne “Wie wenn am Feiertage“. Halle: Niemeyer.
• Heidegger, M. (1950). Der Ursprung des Kunstwerkes. Holzwege. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann.
• Heyse, H. (1935). Idee und Existenz. Hamburg.
• Jünger, E. (1938). Das abenteuerliche Herz. Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt.
• Langlotz, E., & Schuchardt, W. H. (1941). Archaische Plastik auf der Akropolis. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann.
• Natorp, P. (1903). Platos Ideenlehre. Leipzig: Dürr.
• Rothacker, E. (1938). Die Schichten der Persönlichkeit. Leipzig: Barth.
• Schelling F. W. J. (1856). Abhandlungen zur Erläuterung des Idealismus der Wissenschaftslehre. (SW I/1), 343–452. Stuttgart/ Augsburg.
• Schelling, F.W. J. (1795). Vom Ich als Prinzip der Philosophie oder über das Unbedingte im menschlichen Wissens. (SW I/1), 149–244. Stuttgart/ Augsburg.
• Schelling, F.W. J. (1859). Philosophie der Kunst. (SW I/V), 353–736. Stuttgart/ Augsburg.
• Schopenhauer, A. (1844). Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung. Vol. II. Leipzig: Brockhaus.